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Eugene R. Black, President of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, spoke about the happenings in the Middle East which threatened to bring major economic dislocation and, at times, the world outlook had been bleak. He mentioned about the large amount lent by the Bank and important additions to its capital resources during the fiscal year 1957. He explained two loans for air transport that helped Australia and India to acquire the latest types of aircraft for their air lines. He concluded by saying that the Bank should make, over the years ahead, a continued and significant contribution to the capital requirements of basic development on which higher living standards depend.

Living Standards --- Private Investment

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George D. Woods, President of the World Bank and its affiliates, spoke about raising living standards; the World Bank Group funds to financing development; efforts to encourage private international investment, and two special projects, namely, amendment of the Bank and International Finance Corporation (IFC) charters and convention on the settlement of investment disputes; and two initiatives of the Bank, namely, a study, organized jointly by the International Coffee Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Bank, and proposal put forward by the United Kingdom and Swedish delegations at the 1964 United Nations conference on trade and development.

International Finance Corporation --- Living Standards --- Private Investment

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Landscape --- environment --- Geomorphology --- Aesthetic value --- Building construction --- living standards --- Landschap

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There are many dimensions to poverty, and research and applications of new methods for better understanding this multidimensionality have blossomed in the past 10-15 years. Malaysia established an official Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) in 2015 as a complement to the income-based poverty measure that has been in use since the 1970s. To date the MPI has not featured prominently in policy formulation or in public discourse, being overshadowed by other measures. Most notable among these is the "B40", an income-based measure that refers to the bottom 40 percent of the income distribution. Nevertheless, the MPI remains one of several instruments available to monitor the well-being of the population and inform policy decisions. The government of Malaysia recently revised its methodology for the income poverty line and is considering revisions to the MPI as well. The objective of this policy note is to examine possible ways to improve both the relevance of Malaysia's MPI and expand its usage in informing policies. It is one of many available indicators of progress in the people's well-being, but it is also uniquely positioned both to summarize gains across many aspects of daily life and to provide insights into specific dimensions of poverty that are progressing well or are lagging. Section 2 briefly describes some of the main concepts in multidimensional poverty and highlights recent developments in research and measurement. Section 3 offers details about the introduction and use of the MPI in Malaysia, the structure and content of the MPI, and MPI statistics. Section 4 discusses ways in which the MPI indicators could be modified to conform better to the Malaysian context, using recent household survey data to quantify the effects of those modifications. Section 5 presents several examples of the multidimensional poverty approaches in comparator countries, including regional and global peers. Section 6 illustrates some basic analytical approaches that could be used to extract more policy-relevant information from the MPI about the various dimensions of poverty. Concluding remarks are provided in section 7.

Living Standards --- Poverty Lines --- Poverty Monitoring and Analysis --- Poverty Reduction

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This report aims to map poverty and inequality in Sudan and would be representative of the 18 states and 131 localities of Sudan. The poverty mapping technique is based on a small area estimation (SAE) technique developed by the World Bank to derive estimates of geographic poverty and inequality. It combines data from the 2014-15 National Household Budget and Poverty Survey (NHBPS) and the 2008 Population and Housing Census data to build spatially disaggregated poverty maps. Although household surveys usually include measures of income and wealth, they are not representative beyond the state level. Yet, allowing lower levels of disaggregation is important for policy interventions, particularly for countries like Sudan that have state governments, which manage the activities of the state while reporting to the federal government. This study uses a model of household expenditure from a survey data set to estimate household welfare at the lower levels and apply it to the census data set which does not provide information on household income or expenditure. These maps illustrate the information gains provided by SAE, show there is a substantial spatial heterogeneity within the localities, and highlight the small areas most likely to exhibit the highest risk of poverty.

Inequality --- Living Standards --- Poverty Assessment --- Poverty Lines --- Poverty Reduction